A ring counter is a circular shift register with only one flip-flop being set at any particular time; all others are cleared. The single bit is shifted from one flip-flop to the other to produce the sequence of timing signals.
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Wednesday, 5 October 2011
BCD Counter
A BCD counter counts in binary-coded decimal from 0000 to 1001 and back to 0000. Because of the return to 0 after a count of 9, a BCD counter does not have a regular pattern as in a straight binary count.
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Loadable Counters
Instead of counting from 0, a counter can be made to count from a given initial value. This type of counter is called a loadable counter.
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How are counters made?
Counters are generally made up of flip-flops and logic gates. Like flip-flops, counters can retain an output state after the input condition which brought about that state has been removed. Consequently, digital counters are classified as sequential circuits. While a flip-flop can occupy one of only two possible sattes, a counter can have many more than two states. In the case of a counter, the value of a state is expressed as a multidigit binary number, whose `1's and `0's are usually derived from the outputs of internal flip-flops that make up the counter. The number of states a counter may have is limited only by the amount of electronic hardware that is available. The main types of flip-flops used are J-K flip-flops or T flip-flops, which are J-K flip-flops with both J and K inputs tied together. Before that, here's a quick reminder of how a J-K flip-flop works:
| J input | K input | Output, Q |
| 0 | 0 | Q |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | not Q |
T flip-flops are used because set/reset ([1,0] [0,1]) functions are seldom used. Only the "do nothing" and toggle ([0,0] [1,1]) functions are used. Logic gates are used to decide when to toggle which outputs. Below is an example of a synchronous binary counter, implemented using J-K flip-flops and AND gates.
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Monday, 3 October 2011
Intel Drops MeeGo Mobile OS, Backs Tizen Against Android
Tizen will be a Web-centric operating system for smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, netbooks and in-vehicle infotainment systems. The Linux Foundation will host the project, and plans an initial release in the first quarter of 2012, enabling the first devices to come to market in mid-2012, it said.
The goal is to develop an OS that makes it easy to a run and develop browser-based applications, where most mobile OSes today focus on running applications natively on the phone.
The future belongs to such HTML5-based applications, Imad Sousou, director of Intel's Open Source Technology Center, said in a blog post on the MeeGo website.
HTML5 will play key role in the new operating system -- and it's the reason why a new operating system is needed, rather than an upgrade to an existing one, according to Sousou: "Shifting to HTML5 doesn't just mean slapping a web runtime on an existing Linux, even one aimed at mobile, as MeeGo has been. Emphasizing HTML5 means that APIs not visible to HTML5 programmers need not be as rigid, and can evolve with platform technology and can vary by market segment," Sousou wrote.
In addition to HTML5, Tizen will have integrated support for the Wholesale Applications Community (WAC) web development environment, an operator-backed initiative to develop Web-based, cross-platform applications. WAC wants to let people use one platform to develop and distribute Web-based mobile applications that can run on a multitude of phones, and allow operators to get a piece of the app store boom. Applications based on WAC are distributed and sold via carrier-operated stores.
Over the next couple of months, Intel will be working very hard to make sure that users of MeeGo can easily transition to Tizen, Sousou said, adding that he will be working even harder to make sure that developers of MeeGo can also transition to Tizen.
Since Nokia decided in February to choose Windows Phone over MeeGo, Intel has been without a major hardware partner, but with Tizen it has Samsung on its side. Intel and Samsung will lead the Tizen technical steering team, according to a blog post on the new Tizen website.
With Android backer Google in the process of acquiring its own phone manufacturer, Motorola Mobility, and Nokia forming a close partnership with Microsoft, Samsung has been put in a position where it feels it has to look for alternatives alongside its own operating system, Bada, according to Pete Cunningham, analyst at Canalys.
But challenging Apple and the Android camp, as well as Windows Phone and Research In Motion, seems to be an almost impossible task. So far, Linux-based projects such as MeeGo and Limo have failed to make their mark, and many think this time will be no different.
"Samsung and Intel create alternative to Android. Really, another fork? This'll end well...," analyst Rob Enderle wrote on Twitter.
Cunningham agrees: "Frankly, Limo has been around for years and achieved nothing. MeeGo has shown promise, but has been slow moving. If you look at that there isn't a lot of hope for [Tizen], but it would be foolish to write off any platform coming to market," he said.
25th International conference on VLSI Design to bring back VLSI Industry into Spotlight
One of the key features of this Silver Jubilee conference is the ‘Student Project Contest’ of ‘Students Forum’ in which over 1000 students are expected to participate.
The 25th International conference on VLSI Design and 11th International Conference on Embedded Systems will be held at HICC, Hyderabad from January 7-11, 2012. This Silver Jubilee conference expects to bring back the spotlight to Hyderabad that hosts the finest multinational players in VLSI Design and Embedded Systems.
One of the key features of this Silver Jubilee conference is the ‘Student Project Contest’ of ‘Students Forum’ in which over 1000 students are expected to participate. ‘Students Forum’ helps the students know their career pathways and understand the technological trends in the industry. Attractive prizes will be given to the winners of the Student Project Contest. The competition is open to all BTech Grads including final year students. The last day for submission of papers is November 1, 2011.
“Participating students can benefit immensely from this silver jubilee conference,” Dasaradha Gude, Silver Jubilee Conference Convenor of 25th International VLSI Conference and 11th Embedded Systems conference, said. ‘The conference will enable them to meet with industry stalwarts, know the emerging trends in the sector and get clarity in new career opportunities. The ‘Student Paper Project’ Competition will allow the students to showcase their design skills and gain feedback from internationally acknowledged experts in the field.’
The conference also offers a big fellowship programme to support faculty & researchers who are not in a position to arrange for their own funds to attend the conference.
The 5 daylong conferences is expected to attract more than 2000 participants and will cover 2 days tutorial sessions followed by three days of regular paper sessions, special sessions, and embedded tutorials. A Reliability Aware System Design & Test (RASDAT) workshop will also be held. Industry presentation sessions, panel discussions, design contest, student project contest and industrial exhibits round off the program.
This is the third time that Hyderabad will be hosting the International VLSI Design and Embedded Systems Conference in a short span of 5 years. This indicates the strength and vitality of the VLSI & Embedded Systems Industry in Hyderabad.
“The VLSI Industry plays a crucial role in building the Technology Ecosystem and is a great catalyst in creating jobs especially in the software and application development sector” Gude said. Every chip rolled out from the industry brings new jobs for the software, programmers and application development engineers.’ He said Hyderabad is already in the world map with its engineers creating new chip for apple and also developing the first fusion chip.”
“The demand for VLSI Design and Embedded Systems talent has almost doubled over the last few years in the city with the requirement touching from the present level of 2000 to 4000.” JA Chowdary, Silver Jubilee Special Chair, JA Chowdary said while addressing the media in Hyderabad today.
This joint global level conference is a forum for researchers and designers to present and discuss various aspects of VLSI Design (Front-end & Back-end), Electronic Design Automation (EDA), Embedded Systems, and Enabling Technologies. It covers the entire spectrum of activities in the two vital areas of very large scale integration (VLSI) and Embedded Systems, which underpin the semiconductor industry.
“we expect this silver jubilee conference to bring back the spotlight to Hyderabad’s VLSI Design and Embedded System sector advancement. Our focus this year is on Embedded Solutions for Emerging Markets - Consumer, Energy and Automotive. This is a premier global level annual event that provides a platform for Students, Industry Leaders and Design Experts to discuss the growth strategies in the context of VLSI Design and Embedded Systems both in the region and globally.” Gude added
The Silver Jubilee Conference Special Chair, JA Chowdary in his comments said “The industry faces different complex issues when looking at new opportunity to grow globally both in product design and development as each country poses different challenges. We expect this year’s event will offer great networking and knowledge sharing opportunity not only for industry leaders but also for students, researchers and academicians.”
Keynote addresses by veterans in the industry will highlight the VLSI Design and Embedded Systems Conference. The conference featuring speakers from both design and technology field will give penetrating speeches to all the audience. More details of the conference program session will be released in January, 2012.
The conference is proud to create an annual platform for technical exchanges by experts from all over the world on the advancements in semiconductor research, development, and manufacturing.
Dr. Vishwani Agrawal is the Steering Committee Chair. Mr. J. A. Chowdary is the Silver Jubilee Special Chair. Mr. Dasaradha R Gude is the Silver Jubilee Conference Convener. Mr.Srimat Chakradhar is the General Chair of this Silver Jubilee Conference.
The 2011 Conference successfully attracted about 1000 attendees with a very high-quality program featuring three keynote speeches, two special sessions, invited talks, technical sessions with technical papers presented, and two short courses. Both the contributing and invited papers are of high quality, and are presented by industrial and academic leaders and students from over 10 countries.
Source : India Infoline News Service / 10:39 , Sep 29, 2011
VLSI sector faces acute shortage of engineers
HYDERABAD, SEPT. 27.2011:
Severe shortage of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) engineers threatens to deter multinational companies in semiconductor industry to enter India.
“The country could generate 2,000-3,000 VLSI engineers in the last 10 years, whereas the country needs about 10,000 engineers,” said Mr Dasaradha R. Gude, Chairman of SoCtronics Technologies Private Ltd.
Addressing a press conference here on Tuesday, Mr J.A. Chowdary, Chairman of TalentSprint and former Managing Director of NVDIA India, said that acute shortage had resulted in high levels of attrition. “Unless we do something about this, MNCs working in VLSI may shy away from investing in India. Within a short span of time, India could made strides in this area. If we do not act now to improve quality in engineers, we may be killing a golden goose,” he felt.
Besides lack of knowledge in this stream in engineering colleges, costs involved to set up facilities to teach students in VLSI too became an impediment. “It costs Rs 20 lakh to buy software per computer. In India, there is no industry funding of colleges unlike in the West,” Mr Dasaradha said.
Mr Manohar Bommena, Site Leader (Hyderabad) of AMD, said that Hyderabad emerged as a leading player with over 30-40 prominent companies setting up their bases. He, however, felt that it needed a robust ecosystem and industry-academia interaction to address the issue of quality manpower.
INTERNATIONAL MEET:
Prof. Subbarangaiah K, Director of VEDA (VLSI Engineering and Design Automation), said the industry would hold 25th international VLSI Design and 11th Embedded Systems conferences in Hyderabad during January 7 to 11, in Hyderabad.
The conferences would see experts present and discuss VLSI designs, EDA (Electronic Design Automation), embedded systems and enabling technologies.
It would also have a competition for students where their project ideas would be evaluated for prizes.
Source : Business Line
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